Sanitation challenges persist in India, marked by widespread open defecation, inadequate access to clean water, deficient infrastructure in terms of sewage systems, and waste disposal facilities, particularly in rural areas. The lack of awareness about proper sanitation practices, compounded by water scarcity and contamination issues, contributes to the prevalence of waterborne diseases. Rapid urbanization poses additional challenges in managing sanitation needs in cities, and cultural factors influence entrenched behaviours related to hygiene. Government initiatives like the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan have made strides, yet addressing these multifaceted issues requires ongoing efforts to ensure universal access to sanitation facilities, promote awareness, and instill lasting changes in hygiene practices nationwide.